Legislazione plurilingue, un vantaggio per la Svizzera
An error occurred in template CMTeasable.detail.beforeLeadText.ftl
for Content with ID 1077190.
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FreemarkerView[template=/jar:id:contentproperty:/Themes/swissinfo/templates/swissinfo-templates.jar/archive!/META-INF/resources/WEB-INF/templates/swissinfo/com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans/CMTeasable.detail.beforeLeadText.ftl]
ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$[id=1077190]
Error rendering view
The view found for ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$[id=1077190]#textToSpeech does not support rendering on a writer: NoViewFound
ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$ com.coremedia.objectserver.dataviews.DataView com.coremedia.dispatch.HasCustomType ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleBase ch.swissinfo.common.contentbeans.SIArticle com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMArticleImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMArticleBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMArticle com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMTeasableImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMTeasableBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMTeasable com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMHasContextsImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMHasContextsBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMHasContexts com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLinkableImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLinkableBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMLinkable com.coremedia.blueprint.common.navigation.Linkable com.coremedia.blueprint.common.navigation.HasViewTypeName com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.BelowRootNavigation com.coremedia.blueprint.common.datevalidation.ValidityPeriod com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLocalizedImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLocalizedBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMLocalized com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMObjectImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMObjectBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMObject com.coremedia.objectserver.beans.AbstractContentBean com.coremedia.objectserver.beans.ContentBean com.coremedia.objectserver.dataviews.AssumesIdentity java.lang.Object
com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewException: Error rendering view at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.rethrow(ViewUtils.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:154) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.lambda$asXmlView$0(ViewUtils.java:400) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:214) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:139) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.leadtext.BeforeLeadTextRenderer.renderTemplate(BeforeLeadTextRenderer.java:24) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.leadtext.InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.renderTemplates(InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.java:70) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.leadtext.InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.startElement(InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.java:63) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.DefaultNamespaceFilter.startElement(DefaultNamespaceFilter.java:78) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.NamespaceMapper.startElement(NamespaceMapper.java:91) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.NamespaceMapper.startElement(NamespaceMapper.java:91) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.XlinkRewriter.startElement(XlinkRewriter.java:59) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.XlinkRewriter.startElement(XlinkRewriter.java:59) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.link.LinkFilter.startElement(LinkFilter.java:64) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.link.LinkFilter.startElement(LinkFilter.java:64) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.link.LinkFilter.startElement(LinkFilter.java:64) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.blockquote.BlockquoteFilter.startElement(BlockquoteFilter.java:65) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.startDelayed(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:214) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.characters(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:134) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.characters(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:135) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.LinkValidationFilter.characters(LinkValidationFilter.java:125) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.LinkValidationFilter.characters(LinkValidationFilter.java:125) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.characters(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:135) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.placeholder.PlaceholderRichtextFilter.characters(PlaceholderRichtextFilter.java:96) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.xml.Decoder.decode(Decoder.java:104) at com.coremedia.xml.MarkupImpl.writeOn(MarkupImpl.java:153) at com.coremedia.xml.CompressedXMLReader.parse(CompressedXMLReader.java:41) at com.coremedia.xml.CompressedXMLReader.parse(CompressedXMLReader.java:26) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at com.coremedia.xml.MarkupImpl.writeOn(MarkupImpl.java:211) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.XmlMarkupView.render(XmlMarkupView.java:36) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:165) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:354) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingXmlView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:407) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:356) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingXmlView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:407) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils$2.render(ViewUtils.java:412) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executedNestedContentForCollOrSeqListing(IteratorBlock.java:321) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executeNestedContent(IteratorBlock.java:271) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.accept(IteratorBlock.java:244) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitIteratorBlock(Environment.java:657) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.acceptWithResult(IteratorBlock.java:108) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:94) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executedNestedContentForCollOrSeqListing(IteratorBlock.java:321) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executeNestedContent(IteratorBlock.java:271) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.accept(IteratorBlock.java:244) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitIteratorBlock(Environment.java:657) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.acceptWithResult(IteratorBlock.java:108) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:94) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:346) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:122) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:113) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:334) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:422) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:336) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:422) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:152) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:109) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.BeanView.renderMergedOutputModel(BeanView.java:63) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractView.render(AbstractView.java:316) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.render(DispatcherServlet.java:1373) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.processDispatchResult(DispatcherServlet.java:1118) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:1057) at com.coremedia.objectserver.web.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:69) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:943) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:1006) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:898) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:626) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:883) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:733) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:227) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.filter.PreviewViewFilter.doFilterInternal(PreviewViewFilter.java:48) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at ch.swissinfo.elastic.webservice.filter.RequestParameterFilter.doFilter(RequestParameterFilter.java:44) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.elastic.social.cae.user.UserFilter.doFilter(UserFilter.java:61) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at ch.swissinfo.elastic.webservice.jwt.JwtFilter.doFilter(JwtFilter.java:50) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.elastic.core.impl.servlet.TenantFilter.doFilter(TenantFilter.java:55) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.filter.SiteFilter.doFilter(SiteFilter.java:54) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:320) at org.springframework.security.web.access.ExceptionTranslationFilter.doFilter(ExceptionTranslationFilter.java:118) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.session.SessionManagementFilter.doFilter(SessionManagementFilter.java:84) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.doFilter(AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.java:111) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.servletapi.SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.java:158) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.savedrequest.RequestCacheAwareFilter.doFilter(RequestCacheAwareFilter.java:63) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.logout.LogoutFilter.doFilter(LogoutFilter.java:116) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:113) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:113) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.context.SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.java:82) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:113) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilterInternal(FilterChainProxy.java:215) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:186) at org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy.invokeDelegate(DelegatingFilterProxy.java:358) at org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy.doFilter(DelegatingFilterProxy.java:271) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter.doFilterInternal(RequestContextFilter.java:100) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.filter.FormContentFilter.doFilterInternal(FormContentFilter.java:93) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:320) at org.springframework.security.web.access.ExceptionTranslationFilter.doFilter(ExceptionTranslationFilter.java:118) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.session.SessionManagementFilter.doFilter(SessionManagementFilter.java:137) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.doFilter(AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.java:111) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.servletapi.SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.java:158) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.savedrequest.RequestCacheAwareFilter.doFilter(RequestCacheAwareFilter.java:63) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.logout.LogoutFilter.doFilter(LogoutFilter.java:116) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.csrf.CsrfFilter.doFilterInternal(CsrfFilter.java:117) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.header.HeaderWriterFilter.doHeadersAfter(HeaderWriterFilter.java:92) at org.springframework.security.web.header.HeaderWriterFilter.doFilterInternal(HeaderWriterFilter.java:77) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.context.SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.java:105) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.context.request.async.WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter.doFilterInternal(WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter.java:56) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilterInternal(FilterChainProxy.java:215) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:178) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.multipart.support.MultipartFilter.doFilterInternal(MultipartFilter.java:125) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.session.web.http.SessionRepositoryFilter.doFilterInternal(SessionRepositoryFilter.java:141) at org.springframework.session.web.http.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:82) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.web.servlet.WebMvcMetricsFilter.doFilterInternal(WebMvcMetricsFilter.java:93) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:201) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.filter.RequestRejectedExceptionFilter.doFilter(RequestRejectedExceptionFilter.java:41) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:202) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:97) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:542) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:143) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:92) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:78) at org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:687) at org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteIpValve.invoke(RemoteIpValve.java:764) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:346) at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:374) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:65) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:887) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1684) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:49) at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1128) at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:628) at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61) at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:829) Caused by: com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewException: The view found for ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$[id=1077190]#textToSpeech does not support rendering on a writer: NoViewFound at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.asTextView(ViewUtils.java:198) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:180) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) ... 414 more
Un recente studio del Fondo nazionale ha analizzato l'impatto del multilinguismo elvetico sui testi giuridici: anche se vi sono margini di miglioramento, il fatto di dover legiferare in tre lingue permette di migliorare la qualità legislativa.
Questo contenuto è stato pubblicato il 25 marzo 2009
Ogni testo normativo svizzero viene tradotto nelle tre lingue ufficiali del Paese: un modo di procedere dettato dalla Costituzione federale che parifica il tedesco, il francese e l'italiano.
Per comprenderne meglio le implicazioni pratiche, il Fondo nazionale della ricerca scientifica ha sostenuto uno studio concernente gli aspetti giuridico-linguistici della legislazione elvetica. Scopo del progetto: chiarire con quali mezzi ogni lingua cerca di rendere i testi normativi comprensibili e adeguati dal profilo legale.
Svantaggi e vantaggi
Gli autori, nella sintesi dei risultati ottenuti, evidenziano un rischio: tra le diverse versioni linguistiche appaiono talvolta delle divergenze giuridicamente rilevanti, suscettibili di avere «gravi ripercussioni sul contenuto del testo legislativo e di mettere in pericolo la certezza del diritto».
Per esempio, nell'analisi della legge federale sulla formazione professionale viene evidenziata la differenza rilevante – a livello giuridico e linguistico – tra l'espressione «gli attori della formazione professionale assicurano nel limite del possibile un'offerta sufficiente» (francese) e «gli attori della formazione professionale si adoperano per garantire un'offerta sufficiente» (italiano). Analoghe considerazioni scaturiscono dal confronto di testi normativi nei cantoni bilingui di Berna, Friburgo e Grigioni.
Al di là dei possibili travisamenti di senso, l'obbligo di legiferare in tre idiomi ha comunque molti effetti positivi. A tal proposito, annotano gli autori dello studio, «una legislazione multilingue [...] permette di evidenziare, nel processo legislativo, le divergenze di significato tra le diverse versioni linguistiche. In tal modo, possono essere individuate ed eliminate le imprecisioni che rischiano di emergere nell'applicazione del diritto».
Sensibilità linguistica
Per poter approfittare di questa opportunità, fanno presente gli studiosi, è però indispensabile maggiore disponibilità degli autori a modificare il testo originale. Infatti, una volta superato lo stadio della revisione formale dei testi - che si svolge a livello di avamprogetto e di disegno, in co-redazione plurilingue in presenza degli autori-, con l'inizio della fase parlamentare il processo di redazione legislativa non avviene più in parallelo: la stragrande maggioranza dei testi viene discussa e modificata sull'originale tedesco, mentre le traduzioni in francese e in italiano seguono a breve termine.
Una condizione, quella della disponibilità a cambiare la versione originale, non scontata. Gli autori dello studio lodano «il lavoro prezioso e professionale dei traduttori – spesso effettuato sotto la pressione temporale – i cui consigli e commenti non sono però sempre considerati nel processo legislativo».
Dieci anni di sforzi
«Il fatto che sia stato dedicato uno studio serio e approfondito all'iter procedurale che accompagna la stesura di una legge federale, è un privilegio che apprezziamo e un'occasione di verifica di cui faremo tesoro», sottolinea Verio Pini, responsabile della divisione italiana dei Servizi linguistici centrali della Cancelleria federale.
Nel corso dell'ultimo decennio, fa notare Pini, «tutto l'apparato produttivo di leggi federali è stato parecchio sollecitato, segnatamente per quanto concerne l'armonizzazione della legislazione svizzera rispetto al diritto europeo. Inoltre, vi sono stati cantieri impegnativi e innovativi come la formazione professionale - esaminata dallo studio - l'ingegneria genetica o i codici di procedura civile, penale e minorile, ...».
Il momento per una riflessione critica è quindi opportuno, tenendo sempre presente – ricorda Pini – che «una legislazione multilingue risponde alla varietà culturale della Svizzera, con effetti positivi sulla coesione nazionale e sulla qualità legislativa».
Il tempo stringe
Una delle circostanze che può influire negativamente sulla produzione legislativa in tre lingue è costituita dai tempi, spesso strettissimi. A titolo di esempio, rilevano gli autori dello studio, quando le ultime modifiche del Parlamento in merito a una legge e il relativo voto finale avvengono nel giro di uno o due giorni, i testi devono essere ultimati a brevissimo termine.
Per questo motivo, lo studio suggerisce l'ipotesi di votare la versione definitiva soltanto nel corso della sessione successiva.
Assistenza linguistica
Tra le altre proposte avanzate nel documento, figura quella di migliorare l'assistenza linguistica ai parlamentari durante le deliberazioni, in modo da curare adeguatamente anche la forma delle modifiche e dei punti delicati emersi in seno alle commissioni.
Un'ulteriore idea è quella di estendere la redazione parallela nelle tre lingue (sia prima della decisione del Consiglio federale che in fase parlamentare), per migliorare la coesione e la qualità delle tre versioni e affinché i parlamentari possano disporre in tempo reale dei testi trilingui.
Il vero problema, sottolinea Pini, risulta comunque essere di natura politica: la realizzazione delle misure proposte dipende sostanzialmente dal ritmo dell'agenda politica e dall'aumento degli effettivi nei diversi servizi implicati.
swissinfo, Andrea Clementi
Il progetto
Il programma PNR 56 del Fondo nazionale svizzero – «Diversità delle lingue e competenze linguistiche in Svizzera» – ha lo scopo di porre basi scientifiche per la politica linguistica della Confederazione.
Il programma è articolato in cinque aree principali: «Sfide attuali per l'insegnamento scolastico delle lingue», «Competenza linguistica degli adulti», «Premesse giuridiche e condizioni quadro per le misure di politica linguistica», «Uso della lingua nel settore economico», «Interazione tra lingua e identità».
L'obiettivo del sottoprogetto «L'equivalenza di testi giuridici redatti in diverse lingue» è il confronto interdisciplinare tra le strutture linguistiche e giuridiche del diritto svizzero, con riferimento al diritto dell'Unione europea.
Il progetto è coordinato dai professori Marco Borghi (Università di Friburgo), Isolde Burr (Università di Colonia) e Rainer J. Schweizer (Università di San Gallo).
Le conclusioni globali di tutti i lavori del PNR 56 saranno rese note verso la fine del 2009.
Pubblicazioni ufficiali
La Legge federale del 18 giugno 2004 sulle pubblicazioni ufficiali stabilisce che le pubblicazioni della Confederazione vengono preparate contemporaneamente nelle lingue ufficiali tedesco, francese e italiano. Per gli atti normativi, ciascuna delle tre versioni è vincolante.
Per quanto concerne il romancio, la legge prescrive che gli atti normativi federali di particolare importanza siano pubblicati in romancio mediante tirature separate.
L'ambito delle pubblicazioni è di competenza della Cancelleria federale. I Servizi linguistici centrali della Cancelleria federale si compongono di una sezione per ogni lingua ufficiale e di una sezione di terminologia.
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