Sorgenvoller Blick auf schmelzende Gletscher
An error occurred in template CMTeasable.detail.beforeLeadText.ftl
for Content with ID 1266224.
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Show Details
FreemarkerView[template=/jar:id:contentproperty:/Themes/swissinfo/templates/swissinfo-templates.jar/archive!/META-INF/resources/WEB-INF/templates/swissinfo/com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans/CMTeasable.detail.beforeLeadText.ftl]
ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$[id=1266224]
Error rendering view
The view found for ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$[id=1266224]#textToSpeech does not support rendering on a writer: NoViewFound
ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$ com.coremedia.objectserver.dataviews.DataView com.coremedia.dispatch.HasCustomType ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleBase ch.swissinfo.common.contentbeans.SIArticle com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMArticleImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMArticleBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMArticle com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMTeasableImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMTeasableBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMTeasable com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMHasContextsImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMHasContextsBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMHasContexts com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLinkableImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLinkableBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMLinkable com.coremedia.blueprint.common.navigation.Linkable com.coremedia.blueprint.common.navigation.HasViewTypeName com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.BelowRootNavigation com.coremedia.blueprint.common.datevalidation.ValidityPeriod com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLocalizedImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMLocalizedBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMLocalized com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMObjectImpl com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.contentbeans.CMObjectBase com.coremedia.blueprint.common.contentbeans.CMObject com.coremedia.objectserver.beans.AbstractContentBean com.coremedia.objectserver.beans.ContentBean com.coremedia.objectserver.dataviews.AssumesIdentity java.lang.Object
com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewException: Error rendering view at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.rethrow(ViewUtils.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:154) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.lambda$asXmlView$0(ViewUtils.java:400) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:214) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:139) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.leadtext.BeforeLeadTextRenderer.renderTemplate(BeforeLeadTextRenderer.java:24) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.leadtext.InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.renderTemplates(InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.java:70) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.leadtext.InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.startElement(InsertTemplateBeforeLeadTextRichtextFilter.java:63) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.DefaultNamespaceFilter.startElement(DefaultNamespaceFilter.java:78) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.NamespaceMapper.startElement(NamespaceMapper.java:91) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.NamespaceMapper.startElement(NamespaceMapper.java:91) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.XlinkRewriter.startElement(XlinkRewriter.java:59) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.xml.XlinkRewriter.startElement(XlinkRewriter.java:59) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.link.LinkFilter.startElement(LinkFilter.java:64) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.link.LinkFilter.startElement(LinkFilter.java:64) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.link.LinkFilter.startElement(LinkFilter.java:64) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.blockquote.BlockquoteFilter.startElement(BlockquoteFilter.java:65) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.startElement(XMLFilterImpl.java:551) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.startDelayed(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:214) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.characters(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:134) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.characters(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:135) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.LinkValidationFilter.characters(LinkValidationFilter.java:125) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.LinkValidationFilter.characters(LinkValidationFilter.java:125) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.richtext.filter.PDivUntanglingFilter.characters(PDivUntanglingFilter.java:135) at ch.swissinfo.cae.richtext.filter.placeholder.PlaceholderRichtextFilter.characters(PlaceholderRichtextFilter.java:96) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.characters(XMLFilterImpl.java:588) at com.coremedia.xml.Decoder.decode(Decoder.java:104) at com.coremedia.xml.MarkupImpl.writeOn(MarkupImpl.java:153) at com.coremedia.xml.CompressedXMLReader.parse(CompressedXMLReader.java:41) at com.coremedia.xml.CompressedXMLReader.parse(CompressedXMLReader.java:26) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at java.xml/org.xml.sax.helpers.XMLFilterImpl.parse(XMLFilterImpl.java:357) at com.coremedia.xml.MarkupImpl.writeOn(MarkupImpl.java:211) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.XmlMarkupView.render(XmlMarkupView.java:36) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:165) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:354) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingXmlView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:407) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:356) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingXmlView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:407) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils$2.render(ViewUtils.java:412) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executedNestedContentForCollOrSeqListing(IteratorBlock.java:321) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executeNestedContent(IteratorBlock.java:271) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.accept(IteratorBlock.java:244) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitIteratorBlock(Environment.java:657) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.acceptWithResult(IteratorBlock.java:108) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:94) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executedNestedContentForCollOrSeqListing(IteratorBlock.java:321) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.executeNestedContent(IteratorBlock.java:271) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock$IterationContext.accept(IteratorBlock.java:244) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitIteratorBlock(Environment.java:657) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.acceptWithResult(IteratorBlock.java:108) at freemarker.core.IteratorBlock.accept(IteratorBlock.java:94) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.render(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:66) at ch.swissinfo.cae.cdn.RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator$ContentIdCollectorImpl.decorate(RenderedContentIdCollectorDecorator.java:59) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:140) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:344) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:346) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:428) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:184) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:122) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator$ExceptionDecorator.decorate(ExceptionHandlingViewDecorator.java:113) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:334) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:422) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingBaseView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:336) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewDecoratorBase$DecoratingServletAndTextView.render(ViewDecoratorBase.java:422) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:152) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:109) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.BeanView.renderMergedOutputModel(BeanView.java:63) at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractView.render(AbstractView.java:316) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.render(DispatcherServlet.java:1373) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.processDispatchResult(DispatcherServlet.java:1118) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:1057) at com.coremedia.objectserver.web.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:69) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:943) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:1006) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:898) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:626) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:883) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:733) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:227) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.filter.PreviewViewFilter.doFilterInternal(PreviewViewFilter.java:48) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at ch.swissinfo.elastic.webservice.filter.RequestParameterFilter.doFilter(RequestParameterFilter.java:44) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.elastic.social.cae.user.UserFilter.doFilter(UserFilter.java:61) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at ch.swissinfo.elastic.webservice.jwt.JwtFilter.doFilter(JwtFilter.java:50) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.elastic.core.impl.servlet.TenantFilter.doFilter(TenantFilter.java:55) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.filter.SiteFilter.doFilter(SiteFilter.java:54) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:320) at org.springframework.security.web.access.ExceptionTranslationFilter.doFilter(ExceptionTranslationFilter.java:118) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.session.SessionManagementFilter.doFilter(SessionManagementFilter.java:84) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.doFilter(AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.java:111) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.servletapi.SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.java:158) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.savedrequest.RequestCacheAwareFilter.doFilter(RequestCacheAwareFilter.java:63) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.logout.LogoutFilter.doFilter(LogoutFilter.java:116) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:113) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:113) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.context.SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.java:82) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:113) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilterInternal(FilterChainProxy.java:215) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:186) at org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy.invokeDelegate(DelegatingFilterProxy.java:358) at org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy.doFilter(DelegatingFilterProxy.java:271) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter.doFilterInternal(RequestContextFilter.java:100) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.filter.FormContentFilter.doFilterInternal(FormContentFilter.java:93) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:320) at org.springframework.security.web.access.ExceptionTranslationFilter.doFilter(ExceptionTranslationFilter.java:118) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.session.SessionManagementFilter.doFilter(SessionManagementFilter.java:137) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.doFilter(AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.java:111) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.servletapi.SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.java:158) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.savedrequest.RequestCacheAwareFilter.doFilter(RequestCacheAwareFilter.java:63) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.logout.LogoutFilter.doFilter(LogoutFilter.java:116) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.csrf.CsrfFilter.doFilterInternal(CsrfFilter.java:117) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.header.HeaderWriterFilter.doHeadersAfter(HeaderWriterFilter.java:92) at org.springframework.security.web.header.HeaderWriterFilter.doFilterInternal(HeaderWriterFilter.java:77) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.context.SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.java:105) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.context.request.async.WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter.doFilterInternal(WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter.java:56) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:334) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilterInternal(FilterChainProxy.java:215) at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:178) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.multipart.support.MultipartFilter.doFilterInternal(MultipartFilter.java:125) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.session.web.http.SessionRepositoryFilter.doFilterInternal(SessionRepositoryFilter.java:141) at org.springframework.session.web.http.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:82) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.boot.actuate.metrics.web.servlet.WebMvcMetricsFilter.doFilterInternal(WebMvcMetricsFilter.java:93) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:201) at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:119) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at com.coremedia.blueprint.cae.filter.RequestRejectedExceptionFilter.doFilter(RequestRejectedExceptionFilter.java:41) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:189) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:162) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:202) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:97) at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:542) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:143) at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:92) at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:78) at org.apache.catalina.valves.AbstractAccessLogValve.invoke(AbstractAccessLogValve.java:687) at org.apache.catalina.valves.RemoteIpValve.invoke(RemoteIpValve.java:764) at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:346) at org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Processor.service(Http11Processor.java:374) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProcessorLight.process(AbstractProcessorLight.java:65) at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$ConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:887) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioEndpoint$SocketProcessor.doRun(NioEndpoint.java:1684) at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.SocketProcessorBase.run(SocketProcessorBase.java:49) at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1128) at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:628) at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61) at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:829) Caused by: com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewException: The view found for ch.swissinfo.cae.contentbeans.SIArticleImpl$$[id=1266224]#textToSpeech does not support rendering on a writer: NoViewFound at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.asTextView(ViewUtils.java:198) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:180) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.ViewUtils.render(ViewUtils.java:124) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.impl.CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.include(CAEFreemarkerFacadeImpl.java:159) at jdk.internal.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor293.invoke(Unknown Source) at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:566) at freemarker.ext.beans.BeansWrapper.invokeMethod(BeansWrapper.java:1552) at freemarker.ext.beans.SimpleMethodModel.exec(SimpleMethodModel.java:73) at freemarker.core.MethodCall._eval(MethodCall.java:62) at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:101) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.calculateInterpolatedStringOrMarkup(DollarVariable.java:100) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:63) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.visitAndTransform(Environment.java:514) at freemarker.core.CompressedBlock.accept(CompressedBlock.java:42) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:383) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacroOrFunctionCommonPart(Environment.java:889) at freemarker.core.Environment.invokeMacro(Environment.java:825) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:84) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:347) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:353) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:326) at com.coremedia.objectserver.view.freemarker.FreemarkerViewEngine$FreemarkerView.render(FreemarkerViewEngine.java:150) ... 414 more
Jedes Jahr machen sich Scharen von Forschern zu den Schweizer Gletschern auf. Sie untersuchen Zustand und Entwicklung der Eismassen.
Dieser Inhalt wurde am 16. Juli 2007 publiziert
Die wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen lassen wenig Raum für Optimismus: Die Gletscher schmelzen unaufhaltsam und immer schneller. Die Wissenschafter müssen die möglichen Folgen dieses Prozesses auf Mensch und Umwelt abschätzen.
Die Schweiz vor 20'000 Jahren: Eine gewaltige Eisschicht bedeckt das Land. Nur die höchsten Gipfel schauen aus der Gletschermasse hervor. Das Klima ist kalt und trocken. Im Vergleich zu heutigen Sommern liegt die mittlere Temperatur 8-10 Grad tiefer, die Niederschläge sind um 500 Millimeter geringer als heute.
Lange Zeit haben sich Wachstum und Rückzug der Gletscher abgewechselt, entsprechend den natürlichen klimatischen Veränderungen. Der letzte grosse Rückzug begann Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, am Ende der "Kleinen Eiszeit".
Die Entwicklung wird von Glaziologen und Geologen in der Schweiz aufmerksam verfolgt. Seit 1880 messen sie die Ausdehnung und Veränderung der 121 grössten Gletscher.
Diese Daten werden seit 1893 von der Glaziologischen Kommission in Zusammenarbeit mit der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule (ETH) systematisch erfasst und verwaltet. Es ist die umfangreichste Datenbank ihrer Art auf der Welt.
Wie vor 100 Jahren basiert die Erfassung der Gletscher auf den elementaren Prinzipien der Mathematik und Geometrie. Doch die Mittel der Vermessung sind moderner geworden. Die Längenänderung ist zudem nicht mehr der einzige Parameter. Bei der Erfassung werden auch Volumen und Massenbilanz berücksichtigt, wie der Glaziologe Giovanni Kappenberger sagt.
"Im Unterschied zur Längenänderung kann die Massenbilanz – die Differenz zwischen Winter und Sommer – die Veränderungen besser erfassen", so der Experte.
Schnee im Frühjahr, um den Sommer zu überstehen
Die Schweiz im Jahr 2007: Von der gewaltigen Eisschicht sind nur 1800 Gletscher unterschiedlicher Dimension übrig geblieben - vom gewaltigen Aletsch-Gletscher mit einer Länge von 23 Kilometern zwischen den Kantonen Wallis und Bern bis zu vielen kleinen Eisflächen von wenigen Quadratmetern.
Die Veränderung eines Gletschers hängt vor allem von den Niederschlägen im Frühjahr und von den Sommertemperaturen ab. "Wenn es vor dem Sommer genügend schneit, erhält der Gletscher eine Art natürlicher Schutzschicht und schmilzt kaum", sagt Kappenberger.
Eine Hitzperiode im Sommer ohne vorherige Niederschläge kann sich dagegen fatal auswirken: "An einem Tag kann sich ein Gletscher bis zu 10 Zentimeter zurückziehen."
Die milden Temperaturen des Winters 2006/2007 haben auch Auswirkungen gezeitigt. "Wenn wir Mitte Mai auf den Basodino-Gletscher im Tessin aufsteigen, benutzen wir normalerweise Felle und Tourenski. Dieses Jahr liefen wir teilweise auf einer Wiese."
Tonnen von Eis verschwinden
Gemäss einer Studie der ETH Zürich war der Rückgang der Gletscher zwischen Herbst 2005 und Herbst 2006 besonders ausgeprägt. In dieser Zeit haben die Schweizer Gletscher zirka 3 bis 4 Prozent ihres Volumens und 2 bis 2,5 Meter an Durchmesser verloren.
Mit Ausnahme des Allalingletschers im Wallis (oberhalb Saas Fee) haben alle Gletscher an Längenausdehnung eingebüsst. Der Gletscher Suretta in Graubünden hat in 12 Monaten 700 Meter verloren. Der Aletschgletscher, der grösste in Europa, hat sich um 115 Meter verkürzt.
"Ganz generell lässt sich festhalten, dass sich seit 1998 der Rückzug der Gletscher beschleunigt hat", hält Kappenberger fest.
Keine Reserven bei Trockenheit
Die Schweiz im Jahr 2100: Die mittlere Temperatur in den Alpen ist um 2 Grad gestiegen. Schnee in unteren Lagen ist zur absoluten Ausnahme geworden. Nur Gletscher über 4000 Meter haben der Erwärmung standgehalten.
Martin Funk, Glaziologe an der ETH Zürich, ist überzeugt, "dass der Rückzug der Gletscher nicht zu bremsen ist, selbst wenn man diese – wie 2005 in Andermatt geschehen – mit Planen abdeckt".
Wenn sich die Gletscher zurückziehen, werden andere Formen von Vegetation das Gebiet erobern und beispielsweise neue Alpseen entstehen. "Doch ohne Gletscher gibt es kein in Festform gespeichertes Wasser und somit keine Reserven für Trockenzeiten", betont Andreas Bauder vom Schweizerischen Gletschermessnetz.
Die Wissenschafter müssen eruieren, welche Folgen der zu erwartende Wassermangel auf Landwirtschaft, Landschaft und Tourismus haben könnte. Auch die Konsequenzen für die Energiewirtschaft müssen bedacht werden – immerhin stammen 60% der in der Schweiz produzierten Energie aus Wasserkraft.
Schliesslich gilt es auch die Folgen der schmelzenden Gletscher auf die Stabilität des Gebirges zu untersuchen, um Schäden an Personen und Infrastruktur zu vermeiden.
swissinfo, Luigi Jorio
(Übertragung aus dem Italienischen: Gerhard Lob)
Schweizer Gletscher in Zahlen
In der Schweiz gibt es zirka 1800 Gletscher. Der Aletschgletscher zwischen dem Wallis und dem Kanton Bern ist mit einer Ausdehnung von 23 Kilometern der grösste Gletscher Europas. Er gehört zum Weltnaturerbe der Unesco.
Zwischen 1850 und 2005 ist die Oberfläche dieses Gletschers um zirka 40% geschrumpft (gemäss Angaben der Schweizer Akademie der Naturwissenschaften), während sich das Volumen sogar um 60% verringerte. Der Rückzug der Gletscher beträgt im Mittel 3% pro Jahr.
Es wird geschätzt, dass als Folge des Hitzesommers 2003 sogar 8% der alpinen Gletschermasse geschmolzen sind.
Gemäss Experten wird ein Anstieg der mittleren Temperaturen um 3 Grad bis ins Jahr 2100 die Gletschermasse um total 80 Prozent zurückgehen lassen. Sollte die Temperatur um 5 Grad steigen, würden die Alpen sogar ganz ohne Gletscher bleiben.
In Übereinstimmung mit den JTI-Standards
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