French, German, Italian, Romansh, English: How do the Swiss talk to each other?
“Rösti ditch” and “Polenta ditch” is how the Swiss refer to their linguistic boundaries – where German, French or Italian stop being the main languages. But the reality is less clear. The country’s cultural scene is linguistically intertwined and constantly changing.
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“Economic immigration to Switzerland has a major influence on which languages are spoken,” says Renata Coray of the Institute of Multilingualism at the University of Fribourg.
Switzerland has four national languages: German (spoken by about 63% of the population), French (23%), Italian (8%) and Romansh (0.5%). Romansh is not an official language (apart from in canton Graubünden). There has been a slight increase in French and English and a slight decrease in German in recent years.
This does not mean all Swiss are constantly flipping between several languages, although most of them regularly use more than one language either at home or at work. A government study from 2014 looked at Swiss aged 15 or more and found that the people most likely to use more than one language on a regular basis were those with a university education (76%), those aged 15-24 (79%) and those with jobs (72%). In addition, 84% of immigrants and their descendants were multilingual.
A politically sensitive topic is when to start teaching English to Swiss schoolchildren. Many pupils and parents prefer English to be taught before another national language, arguing English is more useful. Others worry about the effects this could have on national cohesion.
Whatever happens in schools, more and more English is heard in Switzerland, owing not only to growing immigration from Anglophone countries but also because it is increasingly being used as a bridge between Swiss people from different linguistic regions. English is even creeping into German.
And English is far from the only non-national language heard in Switzerland, with Portuguese and Albanian not far behind. Is migration responsible for the drop in the proportion of people who speak national languages as their first language? Yes and no.
One obvious area where misunderstandings could have serious consequences is politics. So how do the authorities ensure that parliamentarians are on the same page and know what they’re voting for? In the House or Representatives (where German speakers must give speeches in High German) the answer is simultaneous interpreting.
“I was absolutely nervous the first time I did it!” explains Hans Martin Jörimann, who has been interpreting in parliament for 14 years. “I was overwhelmed not so much by the speeches that were delivered but by the context and all the specific jargon. Once you understand the way it works, it’s a lot easier.”
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